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''Mak nyah'' (pronounced ), alternatively spelled ''maknyah'', is a Malay vernacular〔 term for male-to-female (MTF) trans women in Malaysia. It arose in the late 1980s in order to distinguish MTF trans women from other minorities. The name is preferred by Malaysian trans women as opposed to various derogatory terms (namely, ''pondan'' and ''bapok''), which were previously used by Sarawakians when referring to transsexuals and cross-dressers. These are also considered slurs, which are variously directed to gay men as well as transgender individuals. Though less used, the term ''pak nyah'' is sometimes used for female-to-male transgender males, and the hybrid term ''mak-pak nyah'' for all transgender individuals. == Origins and definition of the term == ''Mak nyah'' is formed from the word ''mak'', meaning 'mother',〔Tan Lay Ean, H., ''Jeffrey Jessie: Recognising Transsexuals'', The Malaysian Bar, 17 November 2005〕 and ''nyah'', meaning 'transition' (literally, 'to run from'). Khartini Slamah describes how the term arose in the transgender community: ()irst, () a desire to differentiate ourselves from gay men, transvestites, cross-dressers, drag queens, and other 'sexual minorities' with whom all those who are not heterosexual are automatically lumped, and second, because we also wanted to define ourselves from a vantage point of dignity rather than from the position of derogation in which Malaysian society had located us〔Slamah, K., ''The Struggle to Be Ourselves, Neither Men Nor Women: Mak Nyahs in Malaysia'', in Misra, G. and Chandiramani, R. (eds.), ''Sexuality, Gender and Rights: Exploring Theory and Practice in South and South East Asia'', SAGE, 2005, p. 99-100〕 Slamah then goes on to explain that the term ''mak nyah'' does not necessarily refer to a MTF trans woman who has undergone sex-reassignment surgery:〔 ''()ak Nyahs'' define themselves in various ways along the continuums of gender and sexuality: as men who look like women and are soft and feminine, as the third gender, as men who dress up as women, as men who like to do women's work, as men who like me, etc.〔 The term of ''mak nyah'' for Malay transgender women can be contrasted with other terms for the trans community around the world, such as ''hijras'' in India, ''kathoeys'' in Thailand and ''occult'' in Myanmar.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mak nyah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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